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  • Benjamin Martin (baptized 1705; died 1782) was a lexicographer who compiled one of the early English dictionaries, the Lingua Britannica Reformata (1749). He also was a lecturer on science and maker of scientific instruments. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1816
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIV_0503.jpg
  • Benjamin Martin (baptized 1705; died 1782) was a lexicographer who compiled one of the early English dictionaries, the Lingua Britannica Reformata (1749). He also was a lecturer on science and maker of scientific instruments. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1816
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIV_0503-color.jpg
  • Osney Abbey Near Oxford as it appeared in 1640 Osney Abbey or Oseney Abbey, later Osney Cathedral, was a house of Augustinian canons at Osney in Oxfordshire. The site is south of the modern Botley Road, down Mill Street by Osney Cemetery, next to the railway line just south of Oxford station. It was founded as a priory in 1129, becoming an abbey around 1154. It was dissolved in 1539 but was created a cathedral, the last abbot Robert King becoming the first Bishop of Oxford. The see was transferred to the new foundation of Christ Church in 1545 and the building fell into ruin. It was one of the four renowned monastic houses of medieval Oxford, along with St Frideswide's Priory, Rewley and Godstow. Oxford is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire, England. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1821
    IR_f_Vol18_0196.jpg
  • El Escorial or the Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial (or Monasterio del Escorial), is a historical residence of the King of Spain, in the town of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, about 45 kilometres (28 miles) northwest of the Spanish capital, Madrid. It is one of the Spanish royal sites and functions as a monastery, basilica, royal palace, pantheon, library, museum, university, school and hospital. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1828
    IR_f_Vol23_0006.jpg
  • Oxford South view of St. Mary's or University Church. Oxford is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire, England. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1821
    IR_f_Vol18_0190.jpg
  • Portrait of Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 [O.S. January 6, 1705] – April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A polymath, he was a leading writer, printer, political philosopher, politician, Freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, humorist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. As an inventor, he is known for the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove, among other inventions. He founded many civic organizations, including the Library Company, Philadelphia's first fire department, and the University of Pennsylvania. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810.
    IR_Vol08_0027.jpg
  • Target-Leaved Hibiscus or Musk Mallow (Hibiscus Abelmoschus) Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_Vol09_1135.jpg
  • Machine colourised Target-Leaved Hibiscus or Musk Mallow (Hibiscus Abelmoschus) Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_Vol09_1135-color.jpg
  • Charles V (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain (Castile and Aragon) from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555. As he was head of the rising House of Habsburg during the first half of the 16th century, his dominions in Europe included the Holy Roman Empire, extending from Germany to northern Italy with direct rule over the Austrian hereditary lands and the Burgundian Low Countries, and a unified Spain with its southern Italian kingdoms of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810.
    IR_Vol08_0587.jpg
  • Otto I [Otho I] (23 November 912–7 May 973), traditionally known as Otto the Great was East Francian king from 936 and Holy Roman Emperor from 962 until his death in 973. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810.
    IR_Vol08_0565.jpg
  • 1. Armillary Sphere; 2. Terrestrial Globe; 3. Celestial Globe; Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810.
    IR_Vol08_0409.jpg
  • Gastrobranchus The Blind Fish or the Myxine glutinosa. known as the Atlantic hagfish in North America, and often simply as the hagfish in Europe, is a species of jawless fish of the genus Myxine. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810.
    IR_Vol08_0313.jpg
  • Gasterosteus - Sticklebacks are endemic to the temperate zone and are most commonly found in the ocean, but some can be found in fresh water. The freshwater taxa were trapped in Europe, Asia, and North America after the Ice Age 10,000-20,000 years ago, and have evolved features different from those of the marine species.Sticklebacks are carnivorous, feeding on small animals such as insects, crustaceans and fish larvae.  Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810.
    IR_Vol08_0308.jpg
  • Machine Colourised (AI) Napoleon I Emperor of France and King of Italy Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), usually known as just Napoleon, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. He was the de facto leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. One of the greatest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. He remains one of the most celebrated and controversial political figures in human history.[ Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol07_1051-color.jpg
  • Louis XI of France Louis XI (3 July 1423 – 30 August 1483), called "Louis the Prudent" (French: le Prudent), was King of France from 1461 to 1483. He succeeded his father, Charles VII. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol07_0819.jpg
  • Principle Layers of Muscles of a Horse Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol07_0283.jpg
  • 1. Euphorbia officinarum 2. Euphorbia neriifolia 3. Euphorbia volvox 4. Euphorbia melocostata Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol07_0095.jpg
  • Diodon - Porcupinefish or balloonfish Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume V;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol05_0972.jpg
  • Cuculus [cuckoos] Gilded Cucoo male and female Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume V;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol05_0537.jpg
  • Crotalus The Great Rattle Snake Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume V;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol05_0477.jpg
  • Coryphaena 1. Blue Coryphena 2. Sea Peacock Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume V;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol05_0325.jpg
  • Black-Crested Jay of China Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume V;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol05_0313.jpg
  • Qianlong Emperor [Here as Tchien-Lung] (25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799) was the fifth Emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigned from 1735 to 1796. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol04_0551.jpg
  • Chemistry Is Represented By A Venerable Philosopher Seated Near A Sand Bath Furnace, In The Act Of Performing The Chemical Analysis, Surrounded By Various Instruments. Behind Him Stands A Female Clothed In A Saffron Coloured Vest, With A Coronet Upon Her Head, And A Globe In Her Right Hand, Attentively Observing A Young Man Who Is Busily Employed In Melting A Diamond By The Force Of A Lens Acted Upon By The Rays Of The Sun. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol04_0008-Colorized.jpg
  • Contrivances for Catching Birds Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume III;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol03_0069.JPG
  • Elevation and section for a design of a chapel. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume II;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol02_0204.JPG
  • A section of the Church of Batalha in Portugal showing the internal arrangement of the Windows, Pillars, Arches etc. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume II;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol02_0135.JPG
  • East View of the Parthenon or Temple of Minerva with the Interior Part converted into a Mosque by the Turks Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume II;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol02_0111.JPG
  • Ancient and Modern Ionic Order Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume II;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol02_0098.JPG
  • Theory of Navigable canals Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume III;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol03_0825.jpg
  • Bactrian or Mongolian camel (Camelus bactrianus) Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume III;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol03_0766.jpg
  • Digitally created blueprint Design for entrance gates Copperplate engraving of From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume II;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol02_0193-blue.jpg
  • Ancient map of Sussex Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1828
    IR_f_Vol23_0851_1.jpg
  • Ancient map of Surrey [Here as Surry] Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1828
    IR_f_Vol23_0843_1.jpg
  • Ancient map of Shropshire Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1828
    IR_f_Vol23_0203_1.jpg
  • Sepia [cuttlefish or cuttles are marine molluscs of the order Sepiida. They belong to the class Cephalopoda, which also includes squid, octopuses, and nautiluses. Cuttlefish have a unique internal shell, the cuttlebone, which is used for control of buoyancy] Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1828
    IR_f_Vol23_0047.jpg
  • Various bows and types of arrows Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume II;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol02_0070.jpg
  • Architecture Is Represented In A Female Form, Sitting Upon The Pedestal Of A Pillar, With Various Tools And Instruments Around Her, Carefully Inspecting The Accuracy And Ingenuity Of A Design Which Lies In Her Lap. At Her Side the Figure of Reason, With a Helmet on Her Head, Pallas’s Shield in Her Left Hand, And Mercury’s Caduceus in Her Right. Astronomy Is Personified By A Beautiful Female As Urania, With A Silver Crescent, Clothed In An Azure Mantle Spangled With Stars; Her Eyes Intensely Fixed Upon The Starry Firmament; With An Astrolabe In Her Right Hand, And A Scroll, Containing Astronomical Figures, In Her Left. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume II;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol02_0008.jpg
  • 19th century map of Africa Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume I;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol01_0210-wb.jpg
  • The Genius of Literature Presenting her Pupils to Minerva [Goddess of wisdom; counterpart of Greek Athena] Frontispiece From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume I;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol01_0008.jpg
  • Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus; 15 December 37 – 9 June 68 AD) was the fifth Roman emperor, ruling from 54 to 68. His infamous reign is usually associated with tyranny, extravagance and debauchery. Nero, originally named Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, belonged to the Julio-Claudian dynasty, and was adopted as heir by the emperor Claudius, his great-uncle and stepfather. Nero succeeded Claudius while not yet aged 17, and his mother, Agrippina, tried to dominate his early life and decisions, but Nero cast her off and had her killed five years into his reign. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1827
    IR_f_Vol22_0305.jpg
  • Caesar Augustus (23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) was the first Roman emperor, reigning from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. His status as the founder of the Roman Principate (the first phase of the Roman Empire) has consolidated an enduring legacy as one of the most effective and controversial leaders in human history. The reign of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the Pax Romana. The Roman world was largely free from large-scale conflict for more than two centuries, despite continuous wars of imperial expansion on the Empire's frontiers and the year-long civil war known as the "Year of the Four Emperors" over the imperial succession. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XXII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1827
    IR_f_Vol22_0285.jpg
  • Playhouse Theatre Dorset Gardens Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1825
    IR_f_Vol20_0781.jpg
  • Picus is a genus of birds in the woodpecker family. These are large woodpeckers, typically with green upperparts. They are found in forests or more open woodland, and lay their white eggs in a tree hole nest, typically on a bed of wood chips. Picus woodpeckers are primarily insect eaters, with several species specialising in taking ants or termites. Some species will also consume fruit or eggs. Insects are captured by a rapid outward flick of the long tongue and gummed to its tip by sticky saliva. This genus is less completely arboreal than some other woodpecker groups, and its members often feed on the ground, attacking anthills or termitaries. It has representatives in Europe, Asia and North Africa.Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1825
    IR_f_Vol20_0491.jpg
  • Flamingo stands at waters edge [Flamingos or flamingoes are a type of wading bird in the family Phoenicopteridae, the only bird family in the order Phoenicopteriformes. Four flamingo species are distributed throughout the Americas, including the Caribbean, and two species are native to Africa, Asia, and Europe].  Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1825
    IR_f_Vol20_0353.jpg
  • The "typical" pheasant genus Phasianus in the family Phasianidae consists of at least one species. The common pheasant (P. colchicus) has about 30 recognised subspecies forming five or six distinct groups. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1825
    IR_f_Vol20_0101.jpg
  • Blaise Pascal (19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, writer and Catholic theologian. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest mathematical work was on the conics sections; he wrote a significant treatise on the subject of projective geometry at the age of 16. He later corresponded with Pierre de Fermat on probability theory, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and social science. In 1642, while still a teenager, he started some pioneering work on calculating machines (called Pascal's calculators and later Pascalines), establishing him as one of the first two inventors of the mechanical calculator. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1821
    IR_f_Vol18_0810-wb.jpg
  • Optics and Optical theory Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1820
    IR_f_Vol17_0701.jpg
  • Optics and Optical theory The theory of vision Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1820
    IR_f_Vol17_0650.jpg
  • Optics and Optical theory Reflection and Inflection of light Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1820
    IR_f_Vol17_0612.jpg
  • Numbers theory Table of permutations or permutation pyramid calculated to 50 items, by John Snart.  Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1820
    IR_f_Vol17_0355.jpg
  • Frontispiece illustrating Optics THE PRISMATICAL COLOURS EMBODIED INTO SEVEN FEMALE FIGURES THREE OF WHICH ARE DISTINGUISHED AS GENERATIVE AND PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS BY A CROWN AND AN EMBROIDERED MANTLE INTIMATING THAT THE RAY OF LIGHT IS COMPOSED OF YELLOW RED AND BLUE ONLY AND THAT THE OTHER COLOURS ARE MERE COMPOSITIONS OR INTERMIXTURES OF THE PRINCIPAL ONES AT THEIR RESPECTIVE CONTIGUITIES EACH OF THESE FIGURES HOLDS A REPRESENTATIVE OF ONE OF THE SEVEN COLOURS IN THE RAINBOW AS FOUND IN THE IMMENSE STORE OF NEVERCHANGING NATURE AND IN THE FOLLOWING ORDER  The Hebrew Text of 'And God said Let there be light and there was light' Genesis Chapter 1 verse 3. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1820
    IR_f_Vol17_0008-crop.jpg
  • Purple throated Flycatcher Muscicapa is a genus of passerine birds belonging to the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae, and therein to the typical flycatchers of subfamily Muscicapinae. They are widespread across Europe, Africa and Asia with most species occurring in forest and woodland habitats. Several species are migratory, moving south from Europe and northern Asia for the winter Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVI;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1819
    IR_f_Vol16_0304-wb.jpg
  • Mugil is a genus of mullet in the family Mugilidae found worldwide in tropical and temperate coastal marine waters, but also entering estuaries and rivers. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVI;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1819
    IR_f_Vol16_0196.jpg
  • Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, 1st Duke of Bronté, KB (29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805), also known simply as Admiral Nelson, was a British flag officer in the Royal Navy. His inspirational leadership, grasp of strategy, and unconventional tactics brought about a number of decisive British naval victories, particularly during the Napoleonic Wars. He was wounded in combat, losing sight in one eye in Corsica at the age of 35, and most of one arm in the unsuccessful attempt to conquer Santa Cruz de Tenerife when he was 40. He was fatally shot during his victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XVI;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1819
    IR_f_Vol16_0818.jpg
  • Architecture in the City of London Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1815
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIII_0561.jpg
  • Architecture in the City of London Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1815
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIII_0544.jpg
  • Trinity House (Top) and the Tower of London Architecture in the City of London Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1815
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIII_0481.jpg
  • Title and credit page Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XI;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1812
    IR_f_Londinensis_XI_0009.jpg
  • Husbandry - gates and fences Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume X;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_f_Londinensis_X_0598.jpg
  • Hottentots drawn from life by M Vaillant 1810 Copperplate engraving by J. Chapman From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume X;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_f_Londinensis_X_0524.jpg
  • Holothuria [sea cucumbers] Holothuria Phantapus Copperplate engraving by J Chapman, From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume X;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_f_Londinensis_X_0297.jpg
  • The Gods of The Indian Triad. Brahma, Vishnu and Siva  Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume X;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_f_Londinensis_X_0131.jpg
  • Portrait of Father Paul [Paolo Sarpi (14 August 1552 – 15 January 1623) was a Venetian historian, prelate, scientist, canon lawyer, and statesman active on behalf of the Venetian Republic during the period of its successful defiance of the papal interdict (1605–1607) and its war (1615–1617) with Austria over the Uskok pirates. His  major work the History of the Council of Trent] Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1823
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIX_0438.jpg
  • Frontispiece Copperplate engraving of the topic of Pathology [Hippocrates in a chariot with the staff and serpent of Aesculapius] From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume XIX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1823
    IR_f_Londinensis_XIX_0006.jpg
  • Improved coal mining techniques Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Encyclopaedia-londinensis-04_07...jpg
  • The citron (Citrus medica) is a large fragrant citrus fruit with a thick rind. It is one of the three original citrus fruits from which all other citrus types developed through natural hybrid speciation or artificial hybridization.[2] Though citron cultivars take on a wide variety of physical forms, they are all closely related genetically. It is used widely in Asian cuisine, and also in traditional medicines, perfume, and for religious rituals and offerings. Hybrids of citrons with other citrus are commercially prominent, notably lemons and many limes. Handcolored copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Encyclopaedia-londinensis-04_07...jpg
  • Handcolored copperplate engraving of a 19th century map of Cheshire, England  From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Encyclopaedia-londinensis-04_04...jpg
  • Calorimeter, Modern chemical apparatus for the study of chemistry  Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Encyclopaedia-londinensis-04_04...jpg
  • Beehives and bees (Apis) Copper engraving with hand colouring Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature [miscellaneous plates] by Wilkes, John Publication date 1796-1829
    IR_animalsbirds00wilk_0019.jpg
  • Buceros (Asian Hornbills) 1. The Rhinoceros Hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros) 2. beak of the Helmeted Hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) 3. Beak of the pied Hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris). Copper engraving with hand colouring from Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature [miscellaneous plates] by Wilkes, John Publication date 1796-1829
    IR_animalsbirds00wilk_0040.jpg
  • Alcedo - Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) cock and hen Copper engraving with hand colouring from Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature [miscellaneous plates] by Wilkes, John Publication date 1796-1829
    IR_animalsbirds00wilk_0032.jpg
  • Canis family Wolf and striped Hyaena and cantharis insects Copper engraving with hand colouring from Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature [miscellaneous plates] by Wilkes, John Publication date 1796-1829
    IR_animalsbirds00wilk_0011.jpg
  • 18th Century map of Helvetia (Switzerland) Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_Vol09_0427.jpg
  • Helminthology - Study of parasite worms Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_Vol09_0395.jpg
  • Improved gunlocks Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_Vol09_0133.jpg
  • Sir Thomas Gresham the Elder (c. 1519 – 21 November 1579), was an English merchant and financier who acted on behalf of King Edward VI (1547–1553) and Edward's half-sisters, queens Mary I (1553–1558) and Elizabeth I (1558–1603). In 1565 Gresham founded the Royal Exchange in the City of London.  Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IX;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1811
    IR_Vol09_0032.jpg
  • Xenophon of Athens (c. 430 – 354 BC) was an Athenian-born military leader, philosopher, and historian. At the age of 30, Xenophon was elected a commander of one of the biggest Greek mercenary armies, the Ten Thousand, that marched on and came close to capturing Babylon in 401 BC. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810.
    IR_Vol08_1051.jpg
  • Pericles (c. 495 – 429 BC) was a Greek statesman and general of Athens during its golden age. Pericles was prominent and influential in Athenian politics, particularly between the Greco-Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian War, and was acclaimed by Thucydides, a contemporary historian, as "the first citizen of Athens".[1] He turned the Delian League into an Athenian empire and led his countrymen during the first two years of the Peloponnesian War. The period during which he led Athens, roughly from 461 to 429 BC, is sometimes known as the "Age of Pericles", but the period thus denoted can include times as early as the Persian Wars or as late as the following century. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810.
    IR_Vol08_1021.jpg
  • Aristomenes was a king of Messenia, celebrated for his struggle with the Spartans in the Second Messenian War (685–668 BC), and his resistance to them on Mount Eira for 11 years. At length the mountain fell to the enemy, while he escaped and, according to legend, was snatched up by the gods; in fact he died at Rhodes. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810.
    IR_Vol08_0981.jpg
  • 18th Century Map of Gloucestershire [Glocestershire] a county in South West England. The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn, and the entire Forest of Dean. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810.
    IR_Vol08_0729.jpg
  • Edward Gibbon FRS (8 May 1737 – 16 January 1794) was an English historian, writer, and Member of Parliament. His most important work, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published in six volumes between 1776 and 1788, is known for the quality and irony of its prose, its use of primary sources, and its polemical criticism of organised religion. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810.
    IR_Vol08_0648.jpg
  • Western Hemisphere New World Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810.
    IR_Vol08_0494.jpg
  • Hispania Antiqua Ancient, Historical map of Iberia Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810.
    IR_Vol08_0432.jpg
  • Gadus is a genus of demersal fish in the family Gadidae, commonly known as cod, although there are additional cod species in other genera. The best known member of the genus is the Atlantic cod.  Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810.
    IR_Vol08_0194.jpg
  • Birch's Patent Smelting Furnace Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VIII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810.
    IR_Vol08_0169.jpg
  • Napoleon I Emperor of France and King of Italy Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), usually known as just Napoleon, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. He was the de facto leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. One of the greatest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. He remains one of the most celebrated and controversial political figures in human history.[ Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol07_1051.jpg
  • Henry III (French: Henri III, né Alexandre Édouard; Polish: Henryk Walezy; Lithuanian: Henrikas Valua; 19 September 1551 – 2 August 1589) was King of France from 1574 until his death as well as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1573 to 1575.  Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol07_0855.jpg
  • Francis I of France Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol07_0835.jpg
  • Louis IX of France Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis or Louis the Saint, was king of France from 1226 to 1270. Louis was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the death of his father Louis VIII; Louis IX led the Seventh and Eighth crusades against the Ayyubids, Bahriyya Mamluks and Hafsid Kingdom. He was captured in the first and ransomed, and he died from dysentery during the latter. He was succeeded by his son Philip III. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol07_0791.jpg
  • Fortifications design and implementation Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol07_0705.jpg
  • Map of Ancient Europe Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume VII;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol07_0108.jpg
  • Cypripedium calceolus Ladies-Slipper Orchid Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume V;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol05_0659.jpg
  • Machine colorised portrait of Qianlong Emperor [Here as Tchien-Lung] (25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799) was the fifth Emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigned from 1735 to 1796. Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol04_0551-colourised.jpg
  • A Chinese Prince of the Manchoo Tartar Race Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume IV;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_Vol04_0526.jpg
  • The Javan (Left) Hornbill and the Gingala (right) Hornbill Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume III;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol03_0567.JPG
  • The American Sloth (Top) The Two Toed Sloth (right) and the Ursiform sloth (Left) Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume III;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol03_0415.JPG
  • Plans for cast iron bridges Copperplate engraving From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume III;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol03_0469.JPG
  • Design of an ornamental Ceiling Copperplate engraving of From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume II;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol02_0171.JPG
  • Elevation of the Chancel of the Church of Batalha in Portugal Copperplate engraving of From the Encyclopaedia Londinensis or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature; Volume II;  Edited by Wilkes, John. Published in London in 1810
    IR_f_Vol02_0138.JPG
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